Acne develops when pores (hair follicles) become clogged with sebum (natural skin oil), dead skin cells, and bacteria, primarily Cutibacterium acnes. When this build-up is trapped under the skin, it forms a whitehead. When it reaches the surface and oxidises, it forms a blackhead. (Despite the name, blackheads are not caused by dirt.)

Acne varies in appearance and severity. Some of the most common forms include:

• Whiteheads – closed clogged pores
• Blackheads – open clogged pores
• Papules – red, inflamed bumps
• Pustules – spots with a white or yellow centre
• Nodules – hard, painful lumps deep under the skin
• Cysts – large, pus-filled breakouts likely to scar

Each type may need different treatment approaches, which is why a proper diagnosis is essential.

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When clogged pores burst below the surface, bacteria spreads, triggering inflammation and more breakouts. Picking or squeezing pimples can make this worse, often leading to scarring, infection, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. We always advise against self-extraction—let a professional handle it safely, or treat the skin gently and consistently instead.

During puberty, rising hormone levels (especially androgens) trigger an increase in oil production, making teens more prone to clogged pores and breakouts. Stress, poor sleep, dietary choices, and even school-related anxiety can also contribute. Teen acne is normal—but it still deserves professional care and support to avoid long-term skin damage or confidence issues.

Many factors can worsen acne, including:

• Hormonal changes
• Stress and poor sleep
• Diet (especially dairy, sugar, and high glycaemic foods)
• Harsh skincare or over-washing
• Makeup or hair products that clog pores
• Medication side effects
• Wearing tight masks, helmets, or headbands (known as “acne mechanica”)

Identifying and managing your specific triggers is a vital part of successful treatment.

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In some cases, particularly with moderate to severe or cystic acne, medical intervention may be required. This might include:

• Topical treatments – like retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, or azelaic acid
• Oral antibiotics – such as doxycycline
• Hormonal therapy – like the contraceptive pill or spironolactone for hormonal acne
• Isotretinoin (Roaccutane) – for severe or treatment-resistant acne, under specialist care

We can help guide you toward this route if necessary, often in collaboration with your GP or dermatologist.

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Not all acne is the same—and your skin deserves more than a one-size-fits-all routine. During your consultation, we assess not just the acne itself but your overall skin health, triggers, and goals. Our mission is to create a bespoke skincare and treatment program that delivers visible, lasting results—while helping you feel more in control and confident.